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<title>Development hell</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Development hell</span></span>

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<b>Development hell</b>, also known as <b>development purgatory</b> or <b>development limbo</b>, is <a href="Media_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Media industry">media</a> and <a href="Software_industry" title="Software industry">software</a> industry <a href="Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> for a project, concept, or idea that remains in a stage of early development for a long time because of legal, technical, or artistic challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle_Page_55_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle_Page_55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A work may move between many sets of artistic leadership, crews, scripts, <a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a>, or studios. (The related terms <b>production hell</b> and <b>production limbo</b> refer to situations in which a film has begun production but has remained unfinished for a long time without progressing to <a href="Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>.)

</p><p>Some projects enter development hell because they were initially designed with ambitious goals, the difficulty of meeting those goals was underestimated, and attempts to meet those goals have repeatedly failed.

</p><p>The term is also applied more generally to describe any project that has unexpectedly stalled in the planning or design phase, has failed to meet its originally expected date of completion, and is languishing in those phases for what is seen as an unreasonably long time.

</p><p>Many projects that enter development hell are gradually abandoned by the involved parties and are never produced.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Film industry companies buy the <a href="Film_rights" title="Film rights">film rights</a> to many popular novels, video games, and comic books, but often take years to bring those properties to the screen, having first made considerable changes to their plots, characters, and general tone. When this pre-production process takes too long, a project will often be abandoned or cancelled outright. <a href="Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> starts ten times as many projects as it releases.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than two percent of all books that are <a href="Option_(filmmaking)" title="Option (filmmaking)">optioned</a> make it to the big screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Kean_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kean-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As David Hughes, author of the book <i>Tales From Development Hell</i>, has noted, one reason production is delayed is that, after producers, directors, and actors have been attached to a project, they may request script rewrites.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another cause of delay is that, after people have been attached to a project, they find they have conflicting interpretations of it or visions for it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the director and the studio executives may have different opinions about a film's casting, plot, or budget. Development delays can also result when a lead actor or a key member of the production team withdraws from the project, takes ill, or dies;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when there are labor strikes involving the writers, directors, crew, or cast;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when there are disputes about intellectual property rights or contract terms;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when there is turnover at the studio's executive level and the new leaders have a different vision; or when, due to changes in the wider economic, cultural, or political climate, the film's topic comes to be seen as no longer marketable.<sup id="cite_ref-script_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-script-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Production hell refers to a situation in which a film has entered production but has remained in that phase for a long time without progressing to post-production.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div>

<p><a href="Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">Television series</a> can experience development hell between seasons, resulting in a long delay from one season to the next. Screenwriter Ken Aguado states that "development hell rarely happens in series television", because writers for a television series "typically only get a few cracks at executing a <a href="Pilot_episode" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot episode">pilot</a>, and if he or she doesn't deliver, the project will be quickly abandoned."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div>

<p><a href="Video_game_development" title="Video game development">Video game development</a> can be stalled for years, occasionally over a decade, often due to a project being moved to different production studios, multiple iterations of the game being created and abandoned, or difficulties with the development of the game software itself, such as loss of funding, overambitious scope, and poor development time management.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the computer industry, <a href="Vaporware" title="Vaporware">vaporware</a> is the term for a product, typically computer hardware or software, that is announced to the general public but is late or never actually manufactured nor officially cancelled.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcasts">Podcasts</h3></div>

<p>A number of popular audio series are dedicated to discussing the topic of unmade creative projects, including <i>Development Hell</i>, a <a href="Dread_Central" title="Dread Central">Dread Central</a> podcast which uncovers notable cancelled horror films.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Concept_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept artist">concept artist</a> and illustrator Sylvain Despretz has suggested that, "Development hell doesn't happen with no-name directors. It happens only with famous directors that a studio doesn't dare break up with. And that's how you end up for two years just, you know, <a href="Polishing_a_turd" class="mw-redirect" title="Polishing a turd">polishing a turd</a>. Until, finally, somebody walks away, at great cost."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With video games, slow progress and a lack of funds may lead developers to focus their resources elsewhere. Occasionally, completed portions of a game fail to meet expectations, with developers subsequently choosing to abandon the project rather than start from scratch. The commercial failure of a released game may also result in any prospective sequels being delayed or cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turnaround_deals">Turnaround deals</h2></div>

<p>If a film is in development but never receives the necessary production funds, another studio may execute a <a href="Turnaround_(filmmaking)" title="Turnaround (filmmaking)">turnaround deal</a> and successfully produce the film. For example, <a href="Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> stopped production of <i><a href="E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i> (1982). <a href="Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> then picked up the film and made it a success. When a studio completely abandons a film project, the costs are written off as part of the studio's <a href="Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overhead</a>, thereby reducing taxable income.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">Design by committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_triviality" title="Law of triviality">Law of triviality</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_media_notable_for_being_in_development_hell" title="List of media notable for being in development hell">List of media notable for being in development hell</a></li>

<li><a href="Scope_creep" title="Scope creep">Scope creep</a></li>

<li><a href="Turnaround_(filmmaking)" title="Turnaround (filmmaking)">Turnaround (filmmaking)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Filmmaking283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Filmmaking#Development" title="Filmmaking">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">Film treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_producer" title="Film producer">Producer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scriptment" title="Scriptment">scriptment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Step_outline" title="Step outline">Step outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a>

<ul><li><a href="Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">process</a></li>

<li><a href="Spec_script" title="Spec script">spec script</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">film adaptation</a></li>

<li><a href="Option_(filmmaking)" title="Option (filmmaking)">Option</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">Film budgeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_finance" title="Film finance">Film finance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Greenlight" title="Greenlight">Greenlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_title" title="Working title">Working title</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a>

<ul><li><a href="Breaking_down_the_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking down the script">process</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">Shooting script</a></li>

<li><a href="Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Production_board" title="Production board">Production board</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_schedule" title="Production schedule">Production schedule</a></li>

<li><a href="Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">Shooting schedule</a>

<ul><li><a href="One_liner_schedule" title="One liner schedule">one-liner</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li>

<li><a href="Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Daily_call_sheet" title="Daily call sheet">Daily call sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Dailies" title="Dailies">Dailies (rushes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_stage" title="Sound stage">Sound stage</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Daily_reports13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Film_inventory_report" title="Film inventory report">Film inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_report" title="Production report">Production</a></li>

<li><a href="Daily_production_report" title="Daily production report">Daily production</a></li>

<li><a href="Daily_progress_report" title="Daily progress report">Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_report" title="Sound report">Sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Daily_editor_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily editor log">Editor log</a></li>

<li><a href="Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li>

<li><a href="Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-recording_(filmmaking)" title="Re-recording (filmmaking)">Re-recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li>

<li><a href="Timecode" title="Timecode">Timecode</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_score" title="Film score">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Negative_cost" title="Negative cost">Negative cost</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">Digital intermediate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">Film distributor</a>

<li><a href="Art_release" title="Art release">Film release</a>

<li><a href="Limited_theatrical_release" title="Limited theatrical release">limited</a></li>

<li><a href="Delayed_release_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (film)">delayed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">Roadshow</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Box_office" title="Box office">Box office</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Filmography" title="Filmography">Filmography</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_rights" title="Film rights">Film rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Turnaround_(filmmaking)" title="Turnaround (filmmaking)">Turnaround</a></li>

<li><a href="First-dollar_gross" title="First-dollar gross">First-dollar gross</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFilm" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Development_hell&oldid=1296088350">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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